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El Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH) es una estadística compuesta utilizada para ranquear los paises por nivel de "desarrollo humano" y separar los paises desarrollados, paises en desarrollo y paises subdesarrollados. La estadistica esta compuesta de datos sobre la esperanza de vida, la educación y el PIB per capita (como un indicador de estándar de vida) recogido al nivel nacional utilizando la formula dada en la sección de metodología abajo.

Origines del IDH

Los origenes del IDH están encontrados en el Informe de Desarrollo Humano del PNUD. Estos fueron desarrollados y lanzados por el ecónomista paquistaní Mahbub ul Haql en 1990 y tuvieron el propósito explícito de: "cambiar el enfoque del estudio del desarrollo económico desde la contabilidad de los ingresos nacionales hacia políticas enfocadas en las personas." <ref>Haq, Mahbub ul. 1995. Reflections on Human Development. New York: Oxford University Press.</ref>. Para poder producir estos informes, Haq juntó un grupo de economistas en desarrollo: incluyendo a Paul Streeten, Frances Stewart, Gustav Ranis, Keith Griffin, Sudhir Anand y Meghnad Desai. Pero fue el trabajo de Amartya Sen sobre las capacidades y funcionamientos que creó el marco conceptual principal. Haq estaba seguro que una medida compuesta sencilla fue necesario para poder convencer al público, los académicos y los políticos que pueden y deben evaluar el desarrollo no solamente a base de los avances económicos si no a base de las mejorías en el bienestar humano. Sen inicialmente se opuso a esta idea, pero siguió ayudando a Haq en su trabajo sobre el IDH. Sen tenía la preocupación de que sería difícil capturar la complejidad completa de las capacidades humanas en un solo índice pero Haq lo persuadió que solamente un número único cambiaría la atencion de los políticos desde una concentración en lo económico hacia el bienestar humano.<ref>Sakiko Fukuda-Parr The Human Development Paradigm: operationalizing Sen’s ideas on capabilities Feminist Economics 9(2 – 3), 2003, 301 – 317</ref><ref>United Nations Development Programme. 1999. Human Development Report 1999. New York:Oxford University Press.</ref>

El IDH ha sido utilizado desde 1990 por el PNUD para sus Informes de Desarrollo Humano.

Tres dimensiones en el IDH

El IDH combina tres dimensiones:

Metodología

La formula definiendo

The formula defining the HDI is promulgated by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)<ref>Definition, Calculator, etc. at UNDP site</ref> In general, to transform a raw variable, say <math>x</math>, into a unit-free index between 0 and 1 (which allows different indices to be added together), the following formula is used:

  • <math>x</math>-index = <math>\frac{x - \min\left(x\right)}{\max\left(x\right)-\min\left(x\right)}</math>

where <math>\min\left(x\right)</math> and <math>\max\left(x\right)</math> are the lowest and highest values the variable <math>x</math> can attain, respectively.

The Human Development Index (HDI) then represents the uniformly weighted sum with ⅓ contributed by each of the following factor indices:

2009 report

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The 2009 report was released on October 5, 2009, and covers the period up to 2007. It was titled "Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development". The top countries by HDI were grouped in a new category called "Very High Human Development". The report refers to these countries as "developed countries".<ref>http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf Human Development Report 2009[ (p. 171, 204)</ref> They are:

Plantilla:Col-begin Plantilla:Col-break

  1. Plantilla:Flag 0.971 (Plantilla:Increase 1)
  2. Plantilla:Flag 0.970 (Plantilla:Increase 2)
  3. Plantilla:Flag 0.969 (Plantilla:Decrease 2)
  4. Plantilla:Flag 0.966 (Plantilla:Decrease 1)
  5. Plantilla:Flag 0.965 (Plantilla:Steady)
  6. Plantilla:Flag 0.964 (Plantilla:Steady)
  7. Plantilla:Flag 0.963 (Plantilla:Steady)
  8. Plantilla:Flag 0.961 (Plantilla:Increase 3)
  9. Plantilla:Flag 0.960 (Plantilla:Steady)
  10. Plantilla:Flag 0.960 (Plantilla:Steady)
  11. Plantilla:Flag 0.960 (Plantilla:Decrease 3)
  12. Plantilla:Flag 0.959 (Plantilla:Increase 1)
  13. Plantilla:Flag 0.956 (Plantilla:Decrease 1)

Plantilla:Col-break

  1. Plantilla:Flag 0.955 (Plantilla:Increase 2)
  2. Plantilla:Flag 0.955 (Plantilla:Steady)
  3. Plantilla:Flag 0.955 (Plantilla:Decrease 2)
  4. Plantilla:Flag 0.953 (Plantilla:Steady)
  5. Plantilla:Flag 0.951 (Plantilla:Increase 1)
  6. Plantilla:Flag 0.951 (Plantilla:Decrease 1)
  7. Plantilla:Flag 0.950 (Plantilla:Steady)
  8. Plantilla:Flag 0.947 (Plantilla:Steady)
  9. Plantilla:Flag 0.947 (Plantilla:Steady)
  10. Plantilla:Flag 0.944 (Plantilla:Increase 1)
  11. Plantilla:Flag 0.944 (Plantilla:Decrease 1)
  12. Plantilla:Flag 0.942 (Plantilla:Steady)
  13. Plantilla:Flag 0.937 (Plantilla:Steady)

Plantilla:Col-break

  1. Plantilla:Flag 0.935 (Plantilla:Increase 1)
  2. Plantilla:Flag 0.934 (Plantilla:Decrease 1)
  3. Plantilla:Flag 0.929 (Plantilla:Steady)
  4. Plantilla:Flag 0.920 (Plantilla:Steady)
  5. Plantilla:Flag 0.916 (Plantilla:Steady)
  6. Plantilla:Flag 0.914 (Plantilla:Steady)
  7. Plantilla:Flag 0.910 (Plantilla:Increase 1)
  8. Plantilla:Flag 0.909 (Plantilla:Decrease 1)
  9. Plantilla:Flag 0.903 (Plantilla:Increase 2)
  10. Plantilla:Flag 0.903 (Plantilla:Steady)
  11. Plantilla:Flag 0.903 (Plantilla:Increase 2)
  12. Plantilla:Flag 0.902 (Plantilla:Decrease 3)

Plantilla:Col-end

In this report, five countries were promoted from the "medium" category to the "high development" category: Grenada, Peru, Colombia, Turkey, and Lebanon. Furthermore Angola, Lesotho, Uganda and Nigeria left the "low" category and are now in the "medium" group.

Countries not included

The following nations are not ranked in the 2009 Human Development Index, for being non-UN member, unable, or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication. Plantilla:Col-begin Plantilla:Col-break

Africa

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Asia

Plantilla:Col-break

Europe

Plantilla:Col-break

Oceania

Plantilla:Col-end

2008 statistical update

Plantilla:Main

A new index was released on December 18, 2008. This so-called "statistical update" covers the period up to 2006 and was published without an accompanying report on human development. The update is relevant due to newly released estimates of purchasing power parities (PPP), implying substantial adjustments for many countries, resulting in changes in HDI values and, in many cases, HDI ranks.<ref name="2008SU">News - Human Development Reports (UNDP)</ref>

Plantilla:Col-begin Plantilla:Col-break

  1. Plantilla:ISL 0.968 (Plantilla:Steady)
  2. Plantilla:NOR 0.968 (Plantilla:Steady)
  3. Plantilla:CAN 0.967 (Plantilla:Increase 1)
  4. Plantilla:AUS 0.965 (Plantilla:Decrease 1)
  5. Plantilla:IRL 0.960 (Plantilla:Steady)
  6. Plantilla:NLD 0.958 (Plantilla:Increase 3)
  7. Plantilla:SWE 0.958 (Plantilla:Decrease 1)
  8. Plantilla:JPN 0.956 (Plantilla:Steady)
  9. Plantilla:LUX 0.956 (Plantilla:Increase 9)
  10. Plantilla:SUI 0.955 (Plantilla:Decrease 3)
  11. Plantilla:FRA 0.955 (Plantilla:Decrease 1)

Plantilla:Col-break

  1. Plantilla:FIN 0.954 (Plantilla:Decrease 1)
  2. Plantilla:DEN 0.952 (Plantilla:Increase 1)
  3. Plantilla:AUT 0.951 (Plantilla:Increase 1)
  4. Plantilla:USA 0.950 (Plantilla:Decrease 3)
  5. Plantilla:ESP 0.949 (Plantilla:Decrease 3)
  6. Plantilla:BEL 0.948 (Plantilla:Decrease 1)
  7. Plantilla:GRC 0.947 (Plantilla:Increase 6)
  8. Plantilla:ITA 0.945 (Plantilla:Increase 1)
  9. Plantilla:NZL 0.944 (Plantilla:Decrease 1)
  10. Plantilla:UK 0.942 (Plantilla:Decrease 4)
  11. Plantilla:HKG 0.942 (Plantilla:Decrease 1)

Plantilla:Col-break

  1. Plantilla:GER 0.940 (Plantilla:Decrease 1)
  2. Plantilla:ISR 0.930 (Plantilla:Decrease 1)
  3. Plantilla:KOR 0.928 (Plantilla:Increase 1)
  4. Plantilla:SLO 0.923 (Plantilla:Increase 1)
  5. Plantilla:BRU 0.919 (Plantilla:Increase 3)
  6. Plantilla:SIN 0.918 (Plantilla:Decrease 3)
  7. Plantilla:KUW 0.912 (Plantilla:Increase 4)
  8. Plantilla:CYP 0.912 (Plantilla:Decrease 2)
  9. Plantilla:UAE 0.903 (Plantilla:Increase 8)
  10. Plantilla:BHR 0.902 (Plantilla:Increase 9)
  11. Plantilla:POR 0.900 (Plantilla:Decrease 4)

Plantilla:Col-end

Countries not included

The following nations are not ranked in the 2008 Human Development Index, for being non-UN member, unable, or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication. Plantilla:Col-begin Plantilla:Col-break

Africa

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Asia

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Europe

Plantilla:Col-break

Oceania

Plantilla:Col-end

2007/2008 report

The report for 2007/2008 was launched in Brasilia, Brazil, on November 27, 2007. Its focus was on "Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world."<ref>HDR 2007/2008 - Human Development Reports (UNDP)</ref> Most of the data used for the report are derived largely from 2005 or earlier, thus indicating an HDI for 2005. Not all UN member states choose to or are able to provide the necessary statistics.

The report showed a small increase in world HDI in comparison with last year's report. This rise was fueled by a general improvement in the developing world, especially of the least developed countries group. This marked improvement at the bottom was offset with a decrease in HDI of high income countries.

A HDI below 0.5 is considered to represent "low development". All 22 countries in that category are located in Africa. The highest-scoring Sub-Saharan countries, Gabon and South Africa, are ranked 119th and 121st, respectively. Nine countries departed from this category this year and joined the "medium development" group.

A HDI of 0.8 or more is considered to represent "high development". This includes all developed countries, such as those in North America, Western Europe, Oceania, and Eastern Asia, as well as some developing countries in Eastern Europe, Central and South America, Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, and the oil-rich Arabian Peninsula. Seven countries were promoted to this category this year, leaving the "medium development" group: Albania, Belarus, Brazil, Libya, Macedonia, Russia and Saudi Arabia.

On the following table, green arrows (Plantilla:Increase) represent an increase in ranking over the previous study, while red arrows (Plantilla:Decrease) represent a decrease in ranking. They are followed by the number of spaces they moved. Blue dashes (Plantilla:Steady) represent a nation that did not move in the rankings since the previous study.Plantilla:-

Plantilla:Col-begin Plantilla:Col-break

  1. Plantilla:ISL 0.968 (Plantilla:Increase 1)
  2. Plantilla:NOR 0.968 (Plantilla:Decrease 1)
  3. Plantilla:AUS 0.962 (Plantilla:Steady)
  4. Plantilla:CAN 0.961 (Plantilla:Increase 2)
  5. Plantilla:IRL 0.959 (Plantilla:Decrease 1)
  6. Plantilla:SWE 0.956 (Plantilla:Decrease 1)
  7. Plantilla:SUI 0.955 (Plantilla:Increase 2)
  8. Plantilla:JPN 0.953 (Plantilla:Decrease 1)
  9. Plantilla:NLD 0.953 (Plantilla:Increase 1)
  10. Plantilla:FRA 0.952 (Plantilla:Increase 6)

Plantilla:Col-break

  1. Plantilla:FIN 0.952 (Plantilla:Steady)
  2. Plantilla:USA 0.951 (Plantilla:Decrease 4)
  3. Plantilla:ESP 0.949 (Plantilla:Increase 6)
  4. Plantilla:DEN 0.949 (Plantilla:Increase 1)
  5. Plantilla:AUT 0.948 (Plantilla:Decrease 1)
  6. Plantilla:BEL 0.946 (Plantilla:Decrease 4)
  7. Plantilla:UK 0.946 (Plantilla:Increase 1)
  8. Plantilla:LUX 0.944 (Plantilla:Decrease 6)
  9. Plantilla:NZL 0.943 (Plantilla:Increase 1)
  10. Plantilla:ITA 0.941 (Plantilla:Decrease 3)

Plantilla:Col-break

  1. Plantilla:HKG 0.937 (Plantilla:Increase 1)
  2. Plantilla:GER 0.935 (Plantilla:Increase 1)
  3. Plantilla:ISR 0.932 (Plantilla:Steady)
  4. Plantilla:GRC 0.926 (Plantilla:Steady)
  5. Plantilla:SIN 0.922 (Plantilla:Steady)
  6. Plantilla:KOR 0.921 (Plantilla:Steady)
  7. Plantilla:SLO 0.917 (Plantilla:Steady)
  8. Plantilla:CYP 0.903 (Plantilla:Increase 1)
  9. Plantilla:POR 0.897 (Plantilla:Decrease 1)
  10. Plantilla:BRU 0.894 (Plantilla:Increase 4)

Plantilla:Col-end

Past top countries

The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the index. Canada has been ranked the highest eight times, followed by Norway at seven times. Japan has been ranked highest three times and Iceland twice.

In each original report

The year represents when the report was published. In parentheses is the year for which the index was calculated.

2009 revision

The 2009 Report calculated HDIs for past years using a consistent methodology and data series. They are not strictly comparable with those in earlier Human Development Reports. The index was calculated using data pertaining to the year shown.

Criticisms

The Human Development Index has been criticised on a number of grounds, including failure to include any ecological considerations, focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking, and not paying much attention to development from a global perspective. Two authors claimed that the human development reports "have lost touch with their original vision and the index fails to capture the essence of the world it seeks to portray".<ref>Ambuj D. Sagara, Adil Najam, "The human development index: a critical review", Ecological Economics, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 249-264, June 1998.</ref> The index has also been criticized as "redundant" and a "reinvention of the wheel", measuring aspects of development that have already been exhaustively studied.<ref>McGillivray, Mark, "The human development index: yet another redundant composite development indicator?", World Development, Vol. 19, No. 10, pp. 1461-1468, Oct. 1991.</ref><ref>T.N. Srinivasan "Human Development: A New Paradigm or Reinvention of the Wheel?", American Economic Review, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 238-243, May 1994.</ref> The index has further been criticised for having an inappropriate treatment of income, lacking year-to-year comparability, and assessing development differently in different groups of countries.<ref>Mark McGillivray, Howard White, "Measuring development? The UNDP's human development index", Journal of International Development, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 183-192, Nov, 2006.</ref>

Economist Bryan Caplan has criticised the way scores in each of the three components are bounded between zero and one, so rich countries effectively cannot improve their ranking in certain categories, even though there is a lot of scope for economic growth and longevity left. "This effectively means that a country of immortals with infinite per-capita GDP would get a score of .666 (lower than South Africa and Tajikistan) if its population were illiterate and never went to school."<ref name="CaplanEconLog">Against the Human Development Index Comment Posted Posted May 22, 2009, Bryan Caplan - Library of Economics and Liberty</ref> He argues, "Scandinavia comes out on top according to the HDI because the HDI is basically a measure of how Scandinavian your country is."<ref name="CaplanEconLog" />

The HDI has been criticised as a redundant measure that adds little to the value of the individual measures composing it; as a means to provide legitimacy to arbitrary weightings of a few aspects of social development; as a number producing a relative ranking which is useless for inter-temporal comparisons, and difficult to compare a country's progress or regression because the HDI for a country in a given year depends on the levels of, say, life expectancy or GDP per capita of other countries in that year.<ref>Rao VVB, 1991. Human development report 1990: review and assessment. World Development, Vol 19 No. 10, pp. 1451–1460.</ref><ref>McGillivray M. The Human Development Index: Yet Another Redundant Composite Development Indicator? World Development, 1991, vol 18, no. 10:1461-1468.</ref><ref>Hopkins M. Human development revisited: A new UNDP report. World Development, 1991. vol 19, no. 10, 1461-1468.</ref><ref>Tapia Granados JA. Algunas ideas críticas sobre el índice de desarrollo humano. Boletín de la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana, 1995 Vol 119, No. 1, pp. 74-87.</ref> However, each year, UN member states are listed and ranked according to the computed HDI. If high, the rank in the list can be easily used as a means of national aggrandizement; alternatively, if low, it can be used to highlight national insufficiencies. Using the HDI as an absolute index of social welfare, some authors have used panel HDI data to measure the impact of economic policies on quality of life.<ref>Davies, A. and G. Quinlivan (2006), A Panel Data Analysis of the Impact of Trade on Human Development, Journal of Socioeconomics</ref>

Ratan Lal Basu criticises the HDI concept from a completely different angle. According to him the Amartya Sen-Mahbub ul Haq concept of HDI considers that provision of material amenities alone would bring about Human Development, but Basu opines that Human Development in the true sense should embrace both material and moral development. According to him human development based on HDI alone, is similar to dairy farm economics to improve dairy farm output. To quote: ‘So human development effort should not end up in amelioration of material deprivations alone: it must undertake to bring about spiritual and moral development to assist the biped to become truly human.’<ref>http://www.international-relations.com/CM6-2WB/HDI-Ancient-India.htm</ref> For example, a high suicide rate would bring the index down.

A few authors have proposed alternative indices to address some of the index's shortcomings.<ref>Farhad Noorbakhsh, "The human development index: some technical issues and alternative indices", Journal of International Development, Vol. 10, No. 5, pp. 589 - 605, Dec. 1998.</ref> However, of those proposed alternatives to the HDI, few have produced alternatives covering so many countries, and that no development index (other than, perhaps, Gross Domestic Product per capita) has been used so extensively - or effectively, in discussions and developmental planning as the HDI.

However, there has been one lament about the HDI that has resulted in an alternative index: David Hastings, of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific published a report geographically extending the HDI to 230+ economies, where the UNDP HDI for 2009 enumerates 182 economies.<ref>Hastings, David A. (2009) Filling Gaps in the Human Development Index. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Working Paper WP/09/02</ref>

See also

Plantilla:Portal

Lists:

References

<references group=""></references>

External links

Plantilla:Global economic classifications Plantilla:Population country lists

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