https://wiki.colombia.immap.org/index.php?title=Derecho_a_la_asistencia_humanitaria&feed=atom&action=history Derecho a la asistencia humanitaria - Historial de revisiones 2024-03-29T11:41:30Z Historial de revisiones para esta página en el wiki MediaWiki 1.32.0 https://wiki.colombia.immap.org/index.php?title=Derecho_a_la_asistencia_humanitaria&diff=1786&oldid=prev Villavec en 03:19 25 ago 2010 2010-08-25T03:19:58Z <p></p> <table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="es"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Revisión anterior</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revisión del 03:19 25 ago 2010</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l63" >Línea 63:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Línea 63:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Alivio del Extranjero====</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Alivio del Extranjero====</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Artículo 70 del Protocolo I pronuncia:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Artículo 70 del Protocolo I pronuncia:</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>#Si la población civil de cualquier territorio debajo del control de una Parte del conflicto, aparte de territorio ocupado, no está adecuadamente provisionado con las <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">prov</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>#Si la población civil de cualquier territorio debajo del control de una Parte del conflicto, aparte de territorio ocupado, no está adecuadamente provisionado con las <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">provisiones mencionadas en el Artículo 69, acciones de alivio cuales son humanitarios e imparciales en su carácter y conducidos sin ninguna distinción adversa se llevará a cabo, sujeto al acuerdo de las partes involucradas en tales acciones de alivio.  Ofertas de tal alivio no estarán consideradas como una interferencia en un conflicto armado o como actos no amigables.  En la distribución de envíos de alivio, la prioridad se dará a esas personas, tales como niños, madres embarazadas, casos de maternidad y madres lactantes, quienes, debajo de la Cuarta Convención o este Protocolo, estarán acordados tratamiento priveligiado o protección especial.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">#Las partes del conflicto y cada parte permitirá y facilitará un paso rapido y sin impedimentos a todos envíos de alivio, equipos y personal enviado de acuerdo a esta Sección, incluso si tal asistencia está destinada para la población civil de la parte opositora.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">#Las partes del conflicto y cada parte cual permite el paso de envíos de alivio, equipos y personal de acuerdo a párrafo 2:</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">##tendrá el derecho prescrito a acuerdos técnicos, incluyendo revisión, debajo de cual paso está permitido;</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">##hará tal permiso condicional en la distribución de esta asistencia hecho debajo de la supervisión local del Poder Protector;</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">##de ninguna forma redirigirá los envíos de alivio desde el fin intencionado ni impedirá su reenvío, menos en casos de necesidad urgente en el interés de la población civil en cuestión.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">#Las partes al conflicto protegerán los envíos de alivio y facilitarán su distribución rapida.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">#Las partes al conflicto y cada parte considerada fomenterá y facilitará una coordinación efectiva internacional de las acciones de alivio a que se hace referencia en párrafo 1.34.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Relief <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">from the Outside</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">En distinción al Artículo 23(1) de la Cuarta Convención citada anteriormente, artículo 70(1) del Protocolo I &quot;expande el derecho a alivio a la población completa, y no únicamente a poblaciones vulnerables&quot; de la misma.  Además, Artículo 70(1) emplea la frase &quot;llevará a cabo&quot;, cual, tomado solo, &quot;claramente implica una obligación de aceptar ofertas de alivio uniendo los requisitos mencionados en el artículo.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Michael Bothe, &quot;</ins>Relief <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Actions,&quot; en Encyclopedia of Public International Law, ed. Rudolf Bernhardt, vol. 4 (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1982), p. 173 a p. 176.&lt;/ref&gt;  Sin embargo, uno no puede desconsiderar el hecho que la implementación de la obligación implicada es explicitamente sujeta a un acuerdo entre las partes en cuestión.  </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Article 70 of Protocol I pronounces:</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">====Conflicto Armado No Internacional====</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Para la posición legal en conflicto armados no internacionales, es necesario consultar varias fuentes.  Primero, hay un artículo común 3 de los cuatro convenciones de ginebra, cual dice, &quot;Un cuerpo imparcial humanitario, tal como el [[Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja]], puede ofrecer sus servicios a las Partes del conflicto.&quot;  Las partes puede negar recibirla.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">If the civilian population of any territory under the control of </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Party to the conflict, other than occupied territory, is not adequately provided with the supplies mentioned in Article 69, relief actions which are humanitarian and impartial in character and conducted without any adverse distinction shall be undertaken, subject to the agreement of the Parties concerned in such relief actions</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Offers of such relief shall not be regarded as an interference in the armed conflict or as unfriendly acts</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In the distribution of relief consignments, priority shall be given to those persons, such as children, expectant mothers, maternity cases and nursing mothers, who, under the Fourth Convention or under this Protocol</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">are to be accorded privileged treatment or special protection</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">La segunda fuente es el Protocolo Adicional de 1977 a las Convenciones de Ginebra del 12 de agosto de 1949, y Relacionando a la Protección de Víctimas de Conflictos Armados No Internacionales (Protocolo II)</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> Artículo 14 de Protocolo II prohibe tanto inanición de civiles como método de combate y ataque de objetos indispensables </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">la sobrevivencia de la población civil</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> Debe tomar en cuenta que el Estatuto de Roma de 1998 nombra como crimen de guerra la inanición de civiles en un conflicto armado internacional (incluyendo la negación deliberada de provisiones humanitarias de alivio tal como mencionado en las Convenciones de Ginebra) - no se trata la inanición de civiles en un conflicto armado no internacional de la misma manera</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> La omisión no fue accidental</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">y es curioso dada la lista larga de crimenes de guerra en conflictos armados internos en Artículo 8 del estatuto</ins>.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The Parties to the conflict and each High Contracting Party shall allow and facilitate rapid and unimpeded passage of all relief consignments</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">equipment and personnel provided in accordance with this Section</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">even if such assistance is destined for the civilian population of the Adverse Party</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Artículo 18 de Protocolo II prescribe:</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">#Sociedades de alivio ubicados en el territorio de una parte contratante, tal como la Cruz Roja o sus organizaciones, pueden ofrecer sus servicios para sus funciones tradicionales en relación a las víctimas del conflicto armado..</ins>.</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">#Si la población civil está sufriendo indebidamente dado una falta de provisiones esenciales a su sobrevivencia</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">tales como alimentos y medicamentos</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">acciones de alivio para la población civil cuales son exclusivamente de una naturaleza humanitaria e imparcial y cual se conduce sin ninguna distinción adversa tomarán lugar sujeto al consentimiento de la parte contrada en cuestión</ins>.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>3. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The Parties to the conflict and each High Contracting Party which allow the passage of relief consignments, equipment and personnel in accordance with paragraph 2:</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Un papel de liderazgo en el campo de la asistencia humanitaria internacional se juega tradicionalmente el CICR.  Sin embargo, Artículo 18 del Protocolo II no menciona el CICR por su nombre.  Esto está nombrado expresamente en el Artículo Común </ins>3. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>(a) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">shall have the right to prescribe the technical arrangements, including search, under which such passage is permitted;</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Artículo 18</ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2) impone la condición de no discriminación en la distribución de la asistencia humanitaria desde afuera; los envíos no pueden ser enviados únicamente a una sola sección de la población civil y ser negada </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">otros grupos.  Se necesita un consentimiento.  El CICR y sus comentarios sugieren que si la sobrevivencia de la población civil está en cuestión, las autoridades no pueden negar consentimiento sin fundamentos fuertes (implicando que tal acción estaría en violacíon de Artículo 14</ins>)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.  </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(b) may make such permission conditional on the distribution of this assistance being made under the local supervision of a Protecting Power;</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">==Resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas==</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(c) shall, in no way whatsoever, divert relief consignments from the purpose for which they are intended nor delay their forwarding, except in cases of urgent necessity in the interest of the civilian population concerned.</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4. The Parties to the conflict shall protect relief consignments and facilitate their rapid distribution.</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5. The Parties to the conflict and each High Contracting Party concerned shall encourage and facilitate effective international co-ordination of the relief actions referred to in paragraph 1.34</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In contradistinction to article 23(1) of Geneva Convention (IV) cited earlier, article 70(1) of Protocol I &quot;expands relief entitlement to the whole population, and not only to vulnerable segments&quot; thereof.35 Furthermore, article 70(1) employs the phrase &quot;shall be undertaken,&quot; which-when taken alone-&quot;clearly implies an obligation to accept relief offers meeting the requirements mentioned in the article.&quot;36 However, one cannot disregard the glaring fact that implementation of the implied obligation is explicitly subject to an agreement between the parties concerned. &quot;Consent-the expression of sovereignty-is hence a basic principle in the exercise of the right to humanitarian assistance in armed conflicts.&quot;37</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">As long as an agreement by all concerned lies at the root of relief actions, one cannot speak of a genuine obligation to allow, or a genuine right to obtain, humanitarian assistance. At best, article 70(1) may be construed as precluding refusal of agreement to relief for arbitrary or capricious reasons.38 Regrettably, there are a host of nonarbitrary and practical reasons that can be invoked by a belligerent in armed conflict if it chooses to withhold its consent from the delivery of relief supplies to civilians. The upshot is that the framers of article 70(1) created &quot;the impression of an ironclad obligation, and at the same time took the bite out of that rule.&quot;39</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Noninternational Armed Conflicts</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">For the legal position in noninternational armed conflicts, it is necessary to consult two sources. First, there is common article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions of 1949, which states, &quot;An impartial humanitarian body, such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, may offer its services to the Parties to the conflict.&quot;40 Undeniably, the pivotal word here is &quot;offer.&quot; Hence, the parties to the conflict can always choose to decline it.41</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The second source is the 1977 Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II).42 Article 14 of Protocol II prohibits both starvation of civilians as a method of combat and attacking objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian population.43 However, it must be taken into account that the 1998 Rome Statute on the International Criminal Court- which, as mentioned, brands as a war crime the starvation of civilians in an international armed conflict (including the deliberate denial of humanitarian relief supplies as provided for by the Geneva Conventions)-does not treat in the same manner the starvation of civilians in a noninternational armed conflict. The omission was by no means accidental.44 It is conspicuous in light of the long catalogue of war crimes in internal armed conflicts encompassed in article 8 of the statute.45</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">--------------------------------------------------------------------------------</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Even those advocating the illegality of a</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">blockade giving rise to starvation of civilians</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">are forced to concede that their position</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">collides head-on with the original intention</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of the diplomatic conference.</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">--------------------------------------------------------------------------------</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Article 18 of Protocol II prescribes:</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1. Relief societies located in the territory of the High Contracting Party, such as Red Cross (Red Crescent, Red Lion and Sun) organizations, may offer their services for the performance of their traditional functions in relation to the victims of the armed conflict. . . .</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2. If the civilian population is suffering undue hardship owing to a lack of the supplies essential for its survival, such as foodstuffs and medical supplies, relief actions for the civilian population which are of an exclusively humanitarian and impartial nature and which are conducted without any adverse distinction shall be undertaken subject to the consent of the High Contracting Party concerned.46</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A leading role in the field of international humanitarian assistance is traditionally played by the ICRC.47 Yet, interestingly enough, article 18 of Protocol II does not mention the ICRC by name. Thus, if one looks for a legal niche to accommodate the ICRC, it is necessary to fall back upon common article 3. &quot;Paradoxically, it can thus be said that in this respect it is common article 3 which &#039;develops and supplements&#039; the Protocol rather than vice versa.&quot;48</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Article 18(2) appropriately imposes the condition of nondiscrimination in the distribution of humanitarian assistance from the outside; supplies cannot be sent solely to one section of the civilian population and be denied to other groups. But once more, the core issue is that of consent, which is emphatically required. The ICRC commentary suggests that if the survival of the civilian population is threatened, the authorities responsible cannot withhold their consent without good grounds (implying that such action would constitute a violation of article 14).49 The trouble is that as long as consent is essential, those authorities can usually find plausible excuses for delaying humanitarian assistance, and even for frustrating it altogether.</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">UN Security Council Resolutions</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Occasionally, the Security Council of the United Nations adopts resolutions calling upon the parties to an armed conflict to allow unimpeded delivery of humanitarian supplies to civilians. Such calls must be analyzed carefully. More often than not, they are couched in merely hortatory terms, as recommendations, in which case they do not per se introduce any change in the legal situation. Where relief is contingent on the consent of the parties concerned, consent remains the crux of the issue. Still, at times the Security Council resorts to binding language, citing specifically chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations (devoted to the maintenance or restoration of international peace and security).50 Pursuant to article 25 of the Charter, all members of the United Nations must &quot;accept and carry out&quot; the decisions of the Security Council, in accordance with the Charter.51 It is not entirely clear which decisions of the Council are covered by article 25, but decisions under chapter VII are indisputably binding.52 Thus, when the Security Council decides to exercise the powers vested in it by virtue of chapter VII, the legal rights and obligations of the parties to the conflict undergo a fundamental transformation; their freedom of action is curtailed.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Occasionally, the Security Council of the United Nations adopts resolutions calling upon the parties to an armed conflict to allow unimpeded delivery of humanitarian supplies to civilians. Such calls must be analyzed carefully. More often than not, they are couched in merely hortatory terms, as recommendations, in which case they do not per se introduce any change in the legal situation. Where relief is contingent on the consent of the parties concerned, consent remains the crux of the issue. Still, at times the Security Council resorts to binding language, citing specifically chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations (devoted to the maintenance or restoration of international peace and security).50 Pursuant to article 25 of the Charter, all members of the United Nations must &quot;accept and carry out&quot; the decisions of the Security Council, in accordance with the Charter.51 It is not entirely clear which decisions of the Council are covered by article 25, but decisions under chapter VII are indisputably binding.52 Thus, when the Security Council decides to exercise the powers vested in it by virtue of chapter VII, the legal rights and obligations of the parties to the conflict undergo a fundamental transformation; their freedom of action is curtailed.</div></td></tr> </table> Villavec https://wiki.colombia.immap.org/index.php?title=Derecho_a_la_asistencia_humanitaria&diff=1785&oldid=prev Villavec en 02:40 25 ago 2010 2010-08-25T02:40:00Z <p></p> <table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="es"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Revisión anterior</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revisión del 02:40 25 ago 2010</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l15" >Línea 15:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Línea 15:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Contextos de Asistencia Humanitaria===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Contextos de Asistencia Humanitaria===</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Territorio Ocupado===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Territorio Ocupado<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins>===</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Cuando un territorio enemigo está sujeto a la ocupación por beligerantes, la posición legal con respecto a la asistencia humanitaria de la población civil local es lo más claro.  El Artículo 55(1) de la [[Cuarta Convención de Ginebra]] de 1949 prescribe que, &quot;Al extento más amplio disponible a él, el Poder Ocupante tiene la obligación de asegurar los alimentos y los medicamentos de la población; debe, en particular, traer los alimentos, medicamentos y otros ítemes necesarios si los recursos del territorio ocupado son inadecuados.&quot;</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Cuando un territorio enemigo está sujeto a la ocupación por beligerantes, la posición legal con respecto a la asistencia humanitaria de la población civil local es lo más claro.  El Artículo 55(1) de la [[Cuarta Convención de Ginebra]] de 1949 prescribe que, &quot;Al extento más amplio disponible a él, el Poder Ocupante tiene la obligación de asegurar los alimentos y los medicamentos de la población; debe, en particular, traer los alimentos, medicamentos y otros ítemes necesarios si los recursos del territorio ocupado son inadecuados.&quot;</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> </table> Villavec https://wiki.colombia.immap.org/index.php?title=Derecho_a_la_asistencia_humanitaria&diff=1751&oldid=prev Villavec en 23:40 18 ago 2010 2010-08-18T23:40:43Z <p></p> <a href="https://wiki.colombia.immap.org/index.php?title=Derecho_a_la_asistencia_humanitaria&amp;diff=1751&amp;oldid=1739">Mostrar los cambios</a> Villavec https://wiki.colombia.immap.org/index.php?title=Derecho_a_la_asistencia_humanitaria&diff=1739&oldid=prev Villavec en 22:47 17 ago 2010 2010-08-17T22:47:17Z <p></p> <table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="es"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Revisión anterior</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revisión del 22:47 17 ago 2010</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Línea 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Línea 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Entre el marco del [[acceso humanitario]], existen [[restricciones al acceso]] considerados legítimos y otros no.  Este <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>derecho a la asistencia<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </del>no existe según el [[Derecho Internacional Humanitario]], estrictamente hablando, en tiempos de paz, incluso en el momento de [[desastres naturales]].&lt;ref&gt;R. J. Hardcastle y A. T. L. Chua, &quot;Humanitarian Assistance: Towards a Right of Access to Victims of Natural Disasters,&quot; International Review of the Red Cross, vol. 38, 1998, p. 589 hasta pp. 598-9.&lt;/ref&gt;  Sin embargo puede existir en algunos casos por ciertos contextos de conflicto armado.&lt;ref&gt;Peter Macalister-Smith, &#039;&#039;International Humanitarian Assistance: Disaster Relief Actions in International Law and Organization&#039;&#039; (Dordrecht: Nijhoff, 1985), p. 163.&lt;/ref&gt;</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Entre el marco del [[acceso humanitario]], existen [[restricciones al acceso]] considerados legítimos y otros no.  Este <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&#039;&#039;&#039;</ins>derecho a la asistencia<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&#039;&#039;&#039; </ins>no existe según el [[Derecho Internacional Humanitario]], estrictamente hablando, en tiempos de paz, incluso en el momento de [[desastres naturales]].&lt;ref&gt;R. J. Hardcastle y A. T. L. Chua, &quot;Humanitarian Assistance: Towards a Right of Access to Victims of Natural Disasters,&quot; International Review of the Red Cross, vol. 38, 1998, p. 589 hasta pp. 598-9.&lt;/ref&gt;  Sin embargo puede existir en algunos casos por ciertos contextos de conflicto armado.&lt;ref&gt;Peter Macalister-Smith, &#039;&#039;International Humanitarian Assistance: Disaster Relief Actions in International Law and Organization&#039;&#039; (Dordrecht: Nijhoff, 1985), p. 163.&lt;/ref&gt;</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Durante un conflicto armado, la repartición de la asistencia humanitaria emerge únicamente con respecto a las [[necesidades indispensables]] de la población [[civil]].  Es decir, cuando sea ofrecido o solicitado, la asistencia humanitario tiene que ser restringido a la población civil, no puede ser enviado a [[combatientes]].  Estos envíos deben incluir alimentos, agua potable, medicamentos, ropa, colchones y medios de albergue.  La ropa, colchones y medios de albergue son particularmente relevantes para los [[refugiados]] y [[personas desplazadas]], pero cualquier civil en una zona destruida (incluyendo ellos quedando en sus propios hogares) pueden tener otras necesidades incluyendo a alimentos, agua potable, y medicamentos.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Durante un conflicto armado, la repartición de la asistencia humanitaria emerge únicamente con respecto a las [[necesidades indispensables]] de la población [[civil]].  Es decir, cuando sea ofrecido o solicitado, la asistencia humanitario tiene que ser restringido a la población civil, no puede ser enviado a [[combatientes]].  Estos envíos deben incluir alimentos, agua potable, medicamentos, ropa, colchones y medios de albergue.  La ropa, colchones y medios de albergue son particularmente relevantes para los [[refugiados]] y [[personas desplazadas]], pero cualquier civil en una zona destruida (incluyendo ellos quedando en sus propios hogares) pueden tener otras necesidades incluyendo a alimentos, agua potable, y medicamentos.</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l12" >Línea 12:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Línea 12:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Derechos y Obligaciones==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Derechos y Obligaciones==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Rights and Obligations</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">En terminos de teoría legal, es importante distinguir que en un conflicto armado existe un derecho supuesto por beneficiarios civiles demandar o obtener una asistencia humanitaria y un derecho de los estados (u organizaciones humanitarias imparciales, tales como el [[Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja]] (CICR) insistir en proveer tal asistencia).&lt;ref&gt;B. Jakovljevic, &quot;The Right to Humanitarian Assistance: Legal Aspects,&quot; International Review of the Red Cross, vol. 27, 1987, p. 469 at p. 473.&lt;/ref&gt;  Si la asistencia está ofrecida por parte de un estado u organización neutral, los civiles pueden tener el derecho de insistir que los envíos llegan a su destino, y que los beligerantes en este caso puede tener la obligación correspondiente asegurar su libre paso.  </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">It is useful, at least from the perspective of juridical theory, to distinguish in armed conflict between </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">right of the civilian beneficiaries to demand or obtain humanitarian assistance and a right of states (or impartial humanitarian organizations</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">like the ICRC [International Committee of the Red Cross]) to insist on providing such assistance.3 Should it be recognized that civilians have </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">right to demand or obtain humanitarian assistance, it is necessary to pinpoint the party bearing the corresponding duty to render that assistance</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In the first two instances mentioned above, a duty can be imposed by international law on one or another of the belligerent parties. In the third instance, the situation is more complex. Surely, civilians do not have an absolute right to demand relief from the outside, applicable erga omnes </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">that is, vis-a-vis the entire international community</del>)<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. In other words, it would be absurd to contend that every state in the world is duty bound to come up, on demand, with relief aid to civilians embroiled in any armed conflict, wherever it is raging.4 However</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">if relief is offered by </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">neutral state (or an impartial humanitarian organization)</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">civilians may have a right to insist that shipments reach their destination</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and belligerents may have a corresponding duty to enable free passage. Moreover</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the neutral state may have a right vis-a-vis the belligerents-and, as circumstances dictate</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vis-a-vis other neutral states through whose territories the shipments must be routed-to expect that relief consignments will actually be allowed to get through to the civilian beneficiaries</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">===Contextos de Asistencia Humanitaria===</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*&#039;&#039;Territorio ocupado&#039;&#039;: cuando un territorio enemigo está sujeto </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">la ocupación por beligerantes</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">la posición legal con respecto </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">la asistencia humanitaria de la población civil local es lo más claro</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> El Artículo 55</ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">de la [[Cuarta Convención de Ginebra]] de 1949 prescribe que</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&quot;Al extento más amplio disponible </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">él</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">el Poder Ocupante tiene la obligación de asegurar los alimentos y los medicamentos de la población; debe</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">en particular</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">traer los alimentos</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">medicamentos y otros ítemes necesarios si los recursos del territorio ocupado son inadecuados</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&quot;</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Settings for Humanitarian Aid</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">El comentario de la CICR sobre esta Convención anota que según el Artículo 55(1), el Poder Ocupante incurre en una &quot;obligación definitiva de mantener en un nivel razonable las condiciones materiales debajo de las cuales la población del territorio ocupado viven&quot;.  Artículo 69(1) del Protocolo Adicional de 1977 amplia la lista de objetos especificados en el Artículo 55(1) itemizando además la ropa, colchones, medios de albergue y cualquier otros ítemes esenciales a la sobrevivencia de la población civil.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">No customary norm has so far crystallized in the international law of armed conflict to establish </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">general right to humanitarian assistance </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of whatever type</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">solely because provisions are scarce. It is</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">therefore</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">proposed to address here different factual settings arising in armed conflict</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Each presents its own problems and its own solutions. These discrete settings are: occupied territories</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">siege warfare, maritime blockade, aliens in the territory of a party to the conflict, general relief supplies from the outside, and noninternational armed conflicts. Additional issues to be discussed are germane to enforcement measures and the responsibility of the Security Council of the United Nations</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">En utilizar la frase &quot;hasta los medios disponibles </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">él&quot; en Artículo 55</ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">de la Cuarta Convención de Ginebra</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">además en Artículo 69(1)</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">se entiende que el Poder Ocupante puede existir en el tiempo del conflicto armado en una situación dificil (incluso sujeto a bloqueo por fuerzas enemigas)</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> Presumiendo que existe una falta de recursos</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">la pregunta es si el poder ocupante debe permitir que la asistencia humanitaria llega desde el exterior</ins>.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Occupied Territory</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Artículo 59</ins>(1)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-</ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">de la Cuarta Convención de Ginebra aclara que </ins>&quot;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">si toda </ins>o <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">parte de la población del territorio ocupado está inadecuadamente abastecido</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">el Poder Ocupante acordará </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">planes de alivio </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">favor de tal población</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">y facilitará a ellos por todos los medios </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">su disposición</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> Tales esquemas</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cuales pueden llevar</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">When enemy territory is subject to belligerent occupation, the legal position as regards humanitarian assistance to the local civilian population is the clearest. Article 55</del>(1) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of the 1949 Geneva Convention </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">IV</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War prescribes that </del>&quot;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[T]</del>o <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the fullest extent of the means available to it, the Occupying Power has the duty of ensuring the food and medical supplies of the population; it should</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in particular, bring in the necessary foodstuffs, medical stores, and other articles if the resources of the occupied territory are inadequate.&quot;5</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The authoritative ICRC commentary on this convention sets forth that according to article 55(1), the occupying power incurs &quot;</del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">definite obligation to maintain at </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reasonable level the material conditions under which the population of the occupied territory lives.&quot;6 Article 69(1) of the 1977 Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), broadens the list of objects specified in article 55(1) by itemizing also clothing, bedding, means of shelter, and any other supplies essential to the survival of the civilian population.7</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In employing the phrase &quot;[T]o the fullest extent of the means available to it&quot; in Article 55(1) of Geneva Convention (IV), as well as in article 69(1) of Protocol I, the framers of the two instruments show their awareness of the predicaments in which the occupying power is likely to find itself in time of armed conflict (indeed, it may itself be exposed to </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">maritime blockade imposed by the enemy)</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Assuming a paucity of supplies at hand</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the question is whether the occupying power must allow humanitarian relief (when offered) from the outside.</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Article 59(1)-(2) of Geneva Convention (IV) sets forth that &quot;[I]f the whole or part of the population of an occupied territory is inadequately supplied, the Occupying Power shall agree to relief schemes on behalf of the said population, and shall facilitate them by all the means at its disposal. Such schemes, which may be undertaken either by States or by impartial humanitarian organizations such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, shall consist, in particular, of the provision of consignments of foodstuffs, medical supplies and clothing.&quot;8</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Article 59(1)-(2) of Geneva Convention (IV) sets forth that &quot;[I]f the whole or part of the population of an occupied territory is inadequately supplied, the Occupying Power shall agree to relief schemes on behalf of the said population, and shall facilitate them by all the means at its disposal. Such schemes, which may be undertaken either by States or by impartial humanitarian organizations such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, shall consist, in particular, of the provision of consignments of foodstuffs, medical supplies and clothing.&quot;8</div></td></tr> </table> Villavec https://wiki.colombia.immap.org/index.php?title=Derecho_a_la_asistencia_humanitaria&diff=1721&oldid=prev Villavec: Página creada con 'Entre el marco del acceso humanitario, existen restricciones al acceso considerados legítimos y otros no. Este derecho a la asistencia no existe según el [[Derech…' 2010-08-17T20:09:05Z <p>Página creada con &#039;Entre el marco del <a href="/index.php/Acceso_humanitario" title="Acceso humanitario">acceso humanitario</a>, existen <a href="/index.php/Restricciones_al_acceso" class="mw-redirect" title="Restricciones al acceso">restricciones al acceso</a> considerados legítimos y otros no. Este <a href="/index.php/Derecho_a_la_asistencia" class="mw-redirect" title="Derecho a la asistencia">derecho a la asistencia</a> no existe según el [[Derech…&#039;</p> <a href="https://wiki.colombia.immap.org/index.php?title=Derecho_a_la_asistencia_humanitaria&amp;diff=1721">Mostrar los cambios</a> Villavec