Ver el código de «Convención sobre Bombas de Racimo»

La '''Convención contra Bombas de Racimo''' es un [[tratado]] internacional que prohibe el uso de [[bombas de racimo]], un tipo de [[artefacto explosivo]] que dispersa explosivos pequeños sobre una zona.  La convención fue adoptada el 30 de mayo del 2008 en Dublin, Irlanda.<ref>[http://weblogs.baltimoresun.com/news/politics/blog/2008/05/clusterbomb_ban_us_opposes_pas.html Baltimore Sun – Cluster-bomb ban U.S. opposes passes (actual passage)]</ref> y fue abierta para firmas el 3 de diciembre de 2008 en Oslo.  Entró en fuerza el 1 de agosto de 2010, seis meses después de que fue ratificada por 30 estados.<ref name=Article17>Article 17 of the [http://www.clusterconvention.org/pages/pages_ii/iia_textenglish.html Convention on Cluster Munitions].</ref> 

Los paises que ratifican la Convneción estarán obligados "nunca, debajo de ninguna circunstancia:"<ref name=Article1>Article 1 of the [http://www.clusterconvention.org/pages/pages_ii/iia_textenglish.html Convention on Cluster Munitions].  Retrieved on {{Nowrap|8 December}} 2008.</ref>
<blockquote>
(a) Utilizar bombas de racimo;<br>
(b) Desarrollar, producir, adquirir, almacenar, retener o transferir a cualquier, directamente o indirectamente, bombas de racimo;<br>
(c) Asistir, fomentar o inducir a cualquier entrar en cualquier actividad prohibida a un Estado debajo de esta Convención.</blockquote>

El tratado permite que ciertos tipos de armas con sub-municiones que no tienen un impacto indiscriminado de area o representan riesgos de dejar [[municiones sin explotar]] (MUSS).  Tales armas deben seguir una serie de criterios estrictos para peso minimo, una limitación en el número de submuniciones, la capacidad para cada submunición individualmente para poder detectar a un objeto de blanco único y la presencia de mecanismos de autodestrucción o autodesactivación.<ref name="SMArt"/> También un número limitado de bombas de racimo pueden ser mantenidos para entrenamiento y desarrollo de metodos de detección, desminado y tecnicas de destrucción y contramedidas.

==Historia==


The impetus for the treaty, like that of the 1997 [[Ottawa Treaty]] to ban [[landmine]]s, has been concern over the severe damage and risks to civilians from [[explosive weapons]] during and long after attacks.  A varying proportion of submunitions dispersed by cluster bombs fail to explode on impact and can lie unexploded for years until disturbed.  The sometimes brightly colored munitions are not camouflaged, but have been compared to toys or [[Easter egg]]s, attracting children at play.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vineeta.org/cluster.htm|title=The 2007 White House Cluster Bomb Hunt|author=[[Vineeta Foundation]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motherjones.com/news/special_reports/total_coverage/kosovo/reality_check/cluster.html|title=The case against cluster bombs|author=Jeffrey Benner|date=1999-05-28|publisher=Mother Jones}}</ref> [[Human rights]] activists claim that one in four casualties resulting from submunitions that fail to explode on impact are children who often pick up and play with the explosive canisters well after the conflict has ended.<ref name=nytimes>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/29/world/europe/29cluster.html?em&ex=1212206400&en=0e28528fd0c65072&ei=5087%0A "Britain Joins a Draft Treaty on Cluster Munitions "], ''[[The New York Times]]'', {{Nowrap|29 May}} 2008</ref> The [[2006 Lebanon War]] provided momentum for the campaign to ban cluster bombs. The [[United Nations]] estimated that up to 40% of [[Israel]]i cluster bomblets failed to explode on impact.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/761781.html|title=Haaretz.com}}</ref> [[Norway]] organized the independent Oslo process after discussions at the traditional disarmament forum in [[Geneva]] fell through in November 2006.<ref name=46nations>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/23/AR2007022300492.html "46 Nations Push for Cluster Bomb Treaty"], ''[[Associated Press]]'' via ''[[The Washington Post]]'', February 23, 2007</ref>

The cluster munitions ban process, also known as the Oslo Process, began in February 2007 in Oslo.  At this time, 46&nbsp;nations issued the "Oslo Declaration", committing themselves to:
<blockquote>Conclude by 2008 a legally binding international instrument that prohibits the use and stockpiling of cluster munitions that cause unacceptable harm to civilians and secure adequate provision of care and rehabilitation to survivors and clearance of contaminated areas.<ref>[http://www.norway-un.org/Topics/Disarmament/052308_ConventiononClusterMunitions.htm "Towards a Convention on Cluster Munitions"], Permanent Mission of Norway to the United Nations, {{Nowrap|23 May}} 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/UD/Vedlegg/Oslo%20Declaration%20(final)%2023%20February%202007.pdf Oslo Conference on Cluster Munitions, 22–{{Nowrap|23 February}} 2007: Declaration]</ref></blockquote>

The Oslo Process held meetings in [[Lima]] in May 2007 and [[Vienna]] in December 2007.  In February 2008, 79 countries adopted the "Wellington Declaration", setting forth the principles to be included in the convention.<ref name=wellington>[http://www.clusterconvention.org/pages/pages_vi/vic_oslowellington.html Declaration of the Wellington conference on cluster munitions].  Retrieved on {{Nowrap|8 December}} 2008.</ref>

===Adoption of the convention===
[[Image:Stop cluster bombs march.jpg|thumb|[[Ban Advocates]] from [[Afghanistan]] and [[Ethiopia]] demonstrating during the May 2008 Dublin conference]]
Delegates from 107&nbsp;nations agreed to the final draft of the treaty at the end of a ten-day meeting held in May 2008 in Dublin, Ireland.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7423714.stm "Cluster bomb ban treaty approved"], ''[[BBC News]]'', {{Nowrap|28 May}} 2008</ref>  Its text was formally adopted on {{Nowrap|30 May}} 2008 by 107 nations,<ref>{{cite news |title=More than 100 countries adopt cluster bomb ban|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jR4zQpMlYTDqwRQbUfvk0-L2zaBg|work=AFP|publisher=Google News|date=2008-05-30|accessdate=2008-05-30 }}</ref> including 7 of the 14 countries that have used cluster bombs and 17 of the 34 countries that have produced them.<ref name=MAC>Mines Action Canada (2008).  {{PDFlink|[http://www.minesactioncanada.org/peoples_treaty/fact_sheets/en/Who%20is%20banning%20cluster%20bombs.pdf ''Who is banning cluster bombs?'']}}.  Retrieved on {{Nowrap|8 December}} 2008.</ref>

The treaty was opposed by a number of countries that produce or stockpile significant quantities of cluster munitions, including China, Russia, the United States, India, [[Israel]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Brazil]].<ref name=nytimes/> The U.S. has acknowledged humanitarian concerns about the use of cluster munitions, but insisted that the proper venue for a discussion of cluster munitions was the forum attached to the [[Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons]], which includes all major military powers.<ref>[http://www.state.gov/t/pm/rls/rm/105111.htm "U.S. Cluster Munitions Policy"]: Briefing by Stephen D. Mull, U.S. Department of State Acting Assistant Secretary for Political-Military Affairs, May 21, 2008</ref>  The U.S. has further stated that the development and introduction of [[Precision-guided munition|"smart" cluster munitions]], where each submunition contains its own targeting and guidance system as well as an auto-self-destruct mechanism, means that the problematic munitions are being moved away from in any case.<ref name=nytimes/> In 2006, [[Barack Obama]] voted to support a legislative measure to limit use of the bombs, while his general election opponent [[John McCain]] and his [[United States presidential primary|primary]] opponent [[Hillary Clinton]] (now [[U.S. Secretary of State]]) both voted against it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/jan/22/hillaryclinton.barackobama|title=Past holds key to Democratic future|date=2008-01-28|author=Elena Schor}}</ref>  

The treaty allows for certain types of weapons with submunitions that do not have the indiscriminate area effects or pose the unexploded ordnance risks of cluster munitions. Such weapons must meet strict criteria for a minimum weight, a limited number of submunitions, the capacity for each submunition individually to detect and engage a single target object and the presence of electronic self-destruct and self-deactivation mechanisms. [[Australia]], which supports the treaty, stated that the convention does not prohibit the [[SMArt 155]] artillery shell that it has bought, which releases two self-guided self-destructing submunitions.<ref name="SMArt">[http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/05/29/2259009.htm "Fitzgibbon wants to keep SMArt cluster shells"], ''[[Australia Broadcasting Corporation]]'', {{Nowrap|29 May}} 2008</ref>

In response to U.S. lobbying, and also concerns raised by diplomats from Australia, [[Canada]], [[Japan]], the [[United Kingdom]] and others, the treaty includes a provision allowing signatory nations to cooperate militarily with non-signatory nations.  This provision is designed to provide legal protections to the military personnel of signatory nations engaged in military operations with the U.S. or other non-signatory nations that might use cluster munitions.<ref name=latimes>[http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/front/la-fg-cluster29-2008may29,0,6458362.story "British turnabout key to cluster bomb ban"], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', {{Nowrap|29 May}} 2008</ref>

Prior to the Dublin meeting, the United Kingdom was thought to be one of a group of nations in a pivotal role whereby their cooperation could make or break the treaty.  In a dramatic turn of events shortly before the end of the conference, Prime Minister [[Gordon Brown]] declared that the U.K. would withdraw all of its cluster bombs from service.<ref name=afp>[http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5ivXrxXgalv00M8IhEYe7fdUxTMDw "Observers laud landmark cluster bomb ban"], ''[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]]'', {{Nowrap|29 May}} 2008</ref> This was done despite intense behind-the-scenes lobbying by the U.S. and objections by British government personnel who saw utility in the weapons.

The CCM was opened for signature at a ceremony at Oslo City Hall on 3–{{Nowrap|4 December}} 2008.  By the end of the ceremony, 94 states had signed the treaty, including four ([[Ireland]], the [[Holy See]], [[Sierra Leone]] and Norway) which had also submitted their instruments of ratification.   Signatories included 21 of the 27 [[Member State of the European Union|member-states of the European Union]] and 18 of the 26 countries in [[NATO]].  Among the signatories were several states affected by cluster munitions, including [[Laos]] and [[Lebanon]].

In November 2008, ahead of the signing Conference in Oslo, the [[European Parliament]] passed a resolution calling on all [[European Union]] governments to sign and ratify the Convention, as several EU countries had not yet declared their intention to do so.<ref>[http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/public/story_page/031-42127-322-11-47-903-20081114STO42065-2008-17-11-2008/default_en.htm Cluster bombs: MEPs to press for signature of treaty ban] last retrieved on {{Nowrap|29 November}} 2008</ref>  Finland had declared it would not sign.<ref>[http://www.helsinkitimes.fi/htimes/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3918:finland-not-to-sign-cluster-munitions-treaty-&catid=24:politics&Itemid=204 Helsinki Times, 3 Nov. 2008: "Finland not to sign cluster munitions treaty"]</ref>

===Entry into force===
According to article 17 of the treaty, the convention entered into force "on the first day of the sixth month after the month in which the thirtieth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession has been deposited"<ref name=untc />. Since the thirtieth ratification was deposited during February 2010, the convention entered into force on {{Nowrap|1 August}} 2010; by that point, 38 nations had ratified the treaty.

As the convention entered into force, [[UN Secretary-General]] [[Ban Ki-moon]] spoke of "not only the world's collective revulsion at these abhorrent weapons, but also the power of collaboration among governments, civil society and the United Nations to change attitudes and policies on a threat faced by all humankind".<ref name="bbc10829976">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-10829976|title=BBC News – Global cluster bomb ban comes into force|work=[[BBC Online]]|accessdate={{Nowrap|1 August}} 2010}}</ref> A spokesman for the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] said "These weapons are a relic of the Cold War. They are a legacy that has to be eliminated because they increasingly won't work".<ref name="reuters">{{cite web|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUK128042231476._CH_.2420|title=US, major powers urged to join cluster munitions pact | Reuters|work=[[Reuters]]|accessdate={{Nowrap|1 August}} 2010}}</ref> [[Nobel peace prize]] winner [[Jody Williams]] called the convention "the most important disarmament and humanitarian convention in over a decade"<ref name=reuters />. 

Anti-cluster munitions campaigners praised the rapid progress made in the adoption of the convention, and expressed hope that even non-signatories – such as the US, China and Russia – would be discouraged from using the weapons by the entry into force of the convention.<ref name="bbc video">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-10829992|title=BBC News – Treaty enacted to ban cluster bombs|work=[[BBC Online]]|accessdate={{Nowrap|1 August}} 2010}}</ref> As one of the countries that did not ratify the treaty, the United States said that cluster bombs are a legal form of weapon, and that they had a "clear military utility in combat." It also said that compared to other types of weapons, cluster bombs are less harmful to civilians.<ref name="bbc10829976"/>

Article 11 requires the first Meeting of States Parties to be held within 12 months of the entry into force. The first such meeting is scheduled to be held in [[Laos]] on 8–{{Nowrap|12 November}} 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clusterconvention.org/pages/pages_i/ib_fromadoption.html|title=Convention on Cluster Munitions :: From adoption to entry into force|accessdate={{Nowrap|1 August}} 2010}}</ref>

==Ratification status==
[[Image:Cluster Munitions Convention.svg|thumb|250px|Signatories to the Convention (blue) and ratifications (purple)]]

===Ratifications===
{{as of|2010|August|1}}, 38 states have ratified the convention:<ref name=untc/>
{{Multicol|66%}}
* [[Albania]]
* [[Austria]]
* [[Belgium]]
* [[Burkina Faso]]
* [[Burundi]]
* [[Comoros]]
* [[Croatia]]
* [[Denmark]]<ref group=note>Excluding the [[Faroe Islands]]</ref>
* [[Ecuador]]
* [[Fiji]]
* [[France]]
* [[Germany]]
* [[Holy See]]
* [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
* [[Japan]]
* [[Laos]] 
* [[Lesotho]]
* [[Luxembourg]]
* [[Macedonia (country)|Macedonia]]<ref group=note>Signed as "[[Macedonia naming dispute|the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia]]"</ref>
{{Multicol-break}}
* [[Malawi]]
* [[Mali]]
* [[Malta]]
* [[Mexico]]
* [[Republic of Moldova|Moldova]]
* [[Montenegro]]
* [[New Zealand]]<ref group=note>Excluding [[Tokelau]]</ref>
* [[Nicaragua]]
* [[Niger]]
* [[Norway]]
* [[San Marino]]
* [[Samoa]]
* [[Seychelles]]
* [[Sierra Leone]]
* [[Slovenia]]
* [[Spain]]
* [[United Kingdom]]
* [[Uruguay]] 
* [[Zambia]]
{{Multicol-end}}

{{Reflist|group=note}}

===Signatories===
{{as of|2010|August|1}}, a further 70 states have signed but not yet ratified the treaty:<ref name=untc/>
{{Multicol}}
* [[Afghanistan]]
* [[Angola]]
* [[Antigua and Barbuda]]
* [[Australia]]
* [[Benin]]
* [[Bolivia]] 
* [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
* [[Botswana]]
* [[Bulgaria]]
* [[Cameroon]]
* [[Canada]]
* [[Cape Verde]]
* [[Central African Republic]]
* [[Chad]]
* [[Chile]]
* [[Colombia]]
* [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
* [[Republic of the Congo]]
* [[Cook Islands]]
* [[Costa Rica]]
* [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
* [[Cyprus]]
* [[Czech Republic]]
{{Multicol-break}}
* [[Djibouti]]
* [[Dominican Republic]]
* [[El Salvador]]
* [[Gambia]] 
* [[Ghana]]
* [[Guatemala]]
* [[Guinea]]
* [[Guinea-Bissau]]
* [[Haiti]]
* [[Honduras]]
* [[Hungary]]
* [[Iceland]]
* [[Indonesia]]
* [[Iraq]]
* [[Italy]]
* [[Jamaica]]
* [[Kenya]] 
* [[Lebanon]] 
* [[Liberia]]
* [[Liechtenstein]]
* [[Lithuania]]
* [[Madagascar]]
* [[Mauritania]] 
* [[Monaco]]
{{Multicol-break}}
* [[Mozambique]] 
* [[Namibia]]
* [[Nauru]]
* [[Netherlands]]
* [[Nigeria]]
* [[Palau]]
* [[Panama]]
* [[Paraguay]] 
* [[Peru]]
* [[Philippines]]
* [[Portugal]]
* [[Rwanda]]
* [[São Tomé and Príncipe]]
* [[Senegal]]
* [[Somalia]]
* [[South Africa]]
* [[St. Vincent and the Grenadines]]
* [[Sweden]]
* [[Switzerland]]
* [[Tanzania]]
* [[Togo]]
* [[Tunisia]]
* [[Uganda]] 
{{Multicol-end}}

Most major producers of cluster munitions and their components, including the US, Russia, China, India, Israel, Poland, Pakistan and Brazil, have not signed the Convention.

== See also ==
* [[Arms control]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/INTRO/620?OpenDocument Convention on Cluster Munitions]—full text, articles, State parties and signatories
'''Official'''
* [http://www.clusterconvention.org/ clusterconvention.org]—official website
** [http://www.clusterconvention.org/pages/pages_ii/iia_textenglish.html Text of the treaty]
* [http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&id=22&chapter=26&lang=en United Nations Treaty Collection]—list of signatures and ratifications
* [http://www.clustermunitionsdublin.ie/ Dublin Diplomatic Conference website]

'''Non-governmental organisations'''

* [http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/section-ihl-cluster-munition/ Cluster munitions and international humanitarian law], ICRC
* [http://www.stopclusterbombs.org Cluster Munition Coalition]
* [http://www.banadvocates.org/ Ban Advocates]—voices from affected communities
* [http://www.minesactioncanada.org/peoples_treaty/ People's Treaty]—petition in support of the convention
* [http://www.worldinbalance.net/intagreements/2008-clustermunitions.php Text of the Convention] at the Center for a World in Balance

{{DEFAULTSORT:Convention On Cluster Munitions}}
[[Category:Cluster bombs]]
[[Category:Arms control treaties]]
[[Category:Laws of war]]
[[Category:2008 in Ireland]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 2008]]
[[Category:Treaties entered into force in 2010]]
[[Category:Mine action]]

[[ca:Normes sobre les municions de dispersió]]
[[da:Konventionen mod klyngebomber]]
[[de:Übereinkommen über Streumunition]]
[[es:Normas acerca de las municiones de racimo]]
[[fr:Convention sur les armes à sous-munitions]]
[[id:Konvensi Munisi Tandan]]
[[it:Convenzione internazionale sulle bombe a grappolo]]
[[ja:クラスター弾に関する条約]]
[[no:Klaseammunisjonskonvensjonen]]
[[fi:Rypälepommikielto]]
[[sv:Konventionen om klusterammunition]]
[[th:อนุสัญญาว่าด้วยระเบิดลูกปราย]]
[[uk:Конвенція про касетні боєприпаси]]
[[zh:集束彈藥公約]]